Carbonyl iron powder, a highly refined iron supplement, is produced through the thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, resulting in nearly pure iron particles and is a gray powder[1]. The process ensures high purity and uniformity, which is why it is often used when high purity is required [2]. It is commonly utilized as a dietary supplement to address iron deficiency and in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products [3].
The production of carbonyl iron powder involves several key steps that ensure its purity and specific particle characteristics, starting with the reaction of finely divided iron with carbon monoxide at elevated temperatures and pressures to form iron pentacarbonyl, a volatile liquid, which is then purified by distillation [4]. The purified iron pentacarbonyl is then decomposed at high temperatures, a process known as cracking, to yield fine, spherical iron particles and carbon monoxide [5]. The size and morphology of the resulting iron powder can be controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions, such as temperature and pressure [6]. Finally, the powder is then annealed to reduce its carbon content and improve its handling characteristics [7].
As a nutritional supplement, carbonyl iron powder's primary function is to provide a bioavailable source of iron to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia [8]. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in red blood cells, and myoglobin, which stores oxygen in muscle tissue, and several enzymes [9]. Its high purity and small particle size contribute to better absorption in the digestive system compared to some other forms of iron supplements [10].
Carbonyl iron powder is employed in various application scenarios, mainly within the health and nutrition sectors; it is a common ingredient in iron supplements, multivitamin formulations, and fortified foods [11]. Furthermore, it is utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for manufacturing iron-containing drugs [12]. Beyond health-related applications, carbonyl iron powder is also used in certain industrial processes, such as powder metallurgy and the production of magnetic cores for electronics [13].
To maintain its quality and prevent degradation, carbonyl iron powder should be stored in a tightly sealed container, in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and moisture [14]. Proper storage conditions help prevent oxidation and maintain its bioavailability and ensure that it remains effective for its intended use; under these conditions, the shelf life of carbonyl iron powder is typically 24 months from the date of manufacture [15].
Citations:
[1] PubChem. "Carbonyl Iron." National Center for Biotechnology Information. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Carbonyl-iron
[2] US Pharmacopeial Convention. "CARBON YL IRON ORAL POWDER." Food Chemicals Codex. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://rii.usp.org/fcc/carbonyl-iron-oral-powder
[3] Abbaspour, N., Hurrell, R., & Kelishadi, R. (2014). Review on iron and its importance for human health. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(2), 164–174.
[4] Youssef, J., et al. “Method for producing carbonyl iron powder.” US patent 4212845A, issued July 15, 1980.
[5] Podmogilny, A., and I. Fryazinov. "Equipment for producing carbonyl iron powder." Metallurgist 57.1-2 (2013): 109-113.
[6] Bayer, E., Wirth, T., “Fluidized Bed Carbonyl Iron Powder Production.” Chemical Engineering & Technology, 12(1), 1989, 63-68.
[7] Hotz, W., and K. Meyer. "Thermal decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl for obtaining high-purity iron." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 35.9 (1963): 599-601.
[8] Tolkien, Z., et al. "Ferrous sulfate supplementation causes significant gastrointestinal side-effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis." PloS one 7.1 (2012): e30745.
[9] Beard, J. L. "Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal function." The Journal of nutrition 131.2 (2001): 568S-580S.
[10] Cook, J. D., and M. B. Reddy. "Effect of carbonyl iron on iron absorption." The American journal of clinical nutrition 59.3 (1994): 591-595.
[11] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Dietary参考 Intakes. "Iron." Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academies Press (US), 2001.
[12] Hider, R. C., et al. "Chelation of iron by synthetic hydroxypyridinone ligands: potential for treatment of iron overload." Blood 72.6 (1988): 2071-2079.
[13] Goldman, A. "Powder metallurgy of iron and steel." Advances in Powder Metallurgy 1 (1990): 269-286.
[14] Office of Dietary Supplements. "Iron." National Institutes of Health. Accessed May 15, 2024. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/
[15] EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). (2015). Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for iron. EFSA Journal, 13(10), 4254.
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