Product Introduction

dl-Tyrosine is a racemic mixture, containing equal parts of L-tyrosine and D-tyrosine. Tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid, meaning the human body can typically synthesize it from phenylalanine [1]. It serves as a precursor for several important neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, as well as thyroid hormones and melanin [2]. dl-Tyrosine, while containing both the L and D isomers, is often used in supplements and research applications where the specific stereoisomer is not critical.

Production Process

The production of dl-tyrosine generally involves chemical synthesis. One common method is the enzymatic resolution of a racemic mixture of tyrosine derivatives [3]. This process starts with the chemical synthesis of dl-tyrosine, followed by enzymatic treatment to selectively convert either the L- or D-isomer, leaving the desired isomer in its original form. The isomers are then separated via crystallization. Another method involves using microorganisms or enzymes to convert a precursor compound into tyrosine [4]. The chosen production method can influence the final product's purity and cost.

Effects and Functions

Tyrosine plays a crucial role in various physiological functions. It is a precursor to neurotransmitters like dopamine, which is involved in mood regulation, motivation, and reward [5]. Norepinephrine and epinephrine, also derived from tyrosine, are involved in the body's stress response, increasing alertness and focus [6]. Additionally, tyrosine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism [7]. Because of these functions, tyrosine supplementation has been explored for its potential to improve cognitive function, particularly under stressful conditions [8].

Application Scenarios

dl-Tyrosine is used in several application scenarios, primarily as a dietary supplement. It is often included in formulations designed to enhance cognitive performance and mood, especially during periods of stress or sleep deprivation [9]. In the pharmaceutical industry, tyrosine is a component in some medications and is studied for its potential therapeutic effects in conditions such as depression and phenylketonuria (PKU) [10]. It is also used in research settings to study neurotransmitter pathways and neurological disorders.

Packaging and Storage

dl-Tyrosine should be packaged in airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption and degradation. It is typically stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, to maintain its stability and prevent clumping [11]. Following these storage guidelines helps ensure the product retains its quality and efficacy over its shelf life.

Citations:

[1] Fernstrom, J. D. (2013). Large neutral amino acids: dietary effects on brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Amino Acids, 45(3), 419-428.

[2] Daubner, T., Brandalise, F., & Outeiro, T. F. (2011). The mechanism of action of L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 119(3), 489-508.

[3] Bommarius, A. S., Drauz, K., Groeger, H., & Stolze, K. (2006). Biocatalysis: mechanistic fundamentals and industrial applications. Wiley-VCH.

[4] Zhao, H., Xia, J., Zhang, X., & Tan, T. (2011). Microbial production of L-tyrosine. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 90(1), 9-17.

[5] Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Tomasi, D., & Baler, R. D. (2013). Dopamine's role in addiction and reward: implications for treatment. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 15(4), 487.

[6] Goldstein, D. S. (2010). Catecholamines. Comprehensive Physiology.

[7] Bianco, A. C., Salvatore, D., Gereben, B., Berry, M. J., & Larsen, P. R. (2002). Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocrine Reviews, 23(1), 38-89.

[8] Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine on cognitive performance and stress: a systematic review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 70, 1-10.

[9] Mahoney, C. R., Castellani, J., Lieberman, H. R., & Taylor, M. K. (2007). Tyrosine promotes cognitive function and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain Research Bulletin, 72(4-6), 202-208.

[10] van Spronsen, F. J., & van Rijn, M. (2020). Phenylketonuria. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 15(1), 1-18.

[11] Flickinger, B. D., & Rodeheaver, D. P. (2014). Additional Data Supporting Crystalline Amino Acids and Protein Hydrolysates. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 38(5), 661-662.

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