Product Introduction
L-Tyrosine, also known as L-Tyrosin, is a non-essential amino acid, meaning that the body can usually synthesize it from other amino acids, specifically phenylalanine [1]. However, during times of stress or certain health conditions, the body may not produce enough, making dietary intake important [2]. It serves as a precursor for several important neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, and also plays a role in the production of melanin and thyroid hormones [3].
Production Process
L-Tyrosine is typically produced through fermentation or enzymatic conversion. Fermentation involves using microorganisms to convert a carbon source into L-Tyrosine [4]. Enzymatic conversion uses enzymes to catalyze the synthesis of L-Tyrosine from other precursors [5]. Both methods are designed to yield a high-purity product suitable for various applications. The produced L-Tyrosine is then purified, crystallized, and dried to obtain the final product [4, 5].
Effects and Functions
L-Tyrosine is involved in several critical functions. It's a precursor to neurotransmitters that affect mood, stress response, and cognitive function [3]. Studies have explored its potential to improve mental performance under stress and enhance cognitive flexibility [6, 7]. Additionally, L-Tyrosine is necessary for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism [8]. Melanin production, important for skin and hair pigmentation, also relies on L-Tyrosine [9].
Application Scenarios
L-Tyrosine is commonly used as a dietary supplement to support mental alertness and focus, particularly during stressful situations [6]. It is also included in some nutritional products aimed at supporting cognitive function [7]. In the pharmaceutical field, L-Tyrosine derivatives and analogs are investigated for treating certain metabolic and neurological disorders [10]. Research settings also utilize L-Tyrosine for cell culture and biochemical studies [11].
Packaging and Storage
L-Tyrosine should be packaged in airtight containers to prevent moisture absorption and maintain its stability. Store it in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures [12]. Following these storage guidelines helps ensure the product retains its quality and efficacy throughout its shelf life [12].
Citations
[1] Fernstrom, J. D. (2013). Large neutral amino acids: Dietary effects on brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Amino Acids, 45(3), 419-423.
[2] Leyton, M. (2017). Endogenous synthesis of dopamine: Clinical relevance for Parkinson's disease and potential for dietary intervention. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 7(s1), S71-S79.
[3] Silbermann, H., et al. (2016). Tyrosine hydroxylase: Structure, regulation and its role in human diseases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 73(23), 4451-4466.
[4] Ikeda, M., et al. (2003). Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of L-tyrosine. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(1), 549-556.
[5] Zhao, H., et al. (2011). Enzymatic production of L-tyrosine from pyruvate, ammonia, and phenol with tyrosine phenol-lyase. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 38(11), 1819-1826.
[6] Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Stock, A. K., Beste, C., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). The effect of tyrosine on cognitive performance and alterations in blood pressure during cognitive stress. Brain research bulletin, 114, 28-33.
[7] Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine on cognitive flexibility and working memory in healthy humans. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(8), 1590-1604.
[8] Meléndez-Hevia, E., & De Paz Lugo, P. (2016). Amino acids as neurotransmitters. Amino Acids, 48(3), 601-615.
[9] Plonka, P. M., et al. (2005). From L-tyrosine to melanin: analysis of enzymatic reactions during melanogenesis. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 52(3), 667-679.
[10] Fitzpatrick, P. F. (2003). Tetrahydropterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 72(1), 347-381.
[11] Freshney, R. I. (2015). Culture of animal cells: a manual of basic technique and specialized applications. John Wiley & Sons.
[12] United States Pharmacopeia. (2021). USP General Notices and Requirements. United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
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